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中国童工问题研究
陆士桢教授 中国青年政治学院青年发展研究院院长
Ø 中国的童工现状
上世纪八九十年代,童工现象在全国范围内普遍存在,最常见于制造业工厂,尤其是手工业、建筑业、保姆业以及与犯罪有关的活动。无论是超时超量的工作还是恶劣的工作环境都会对儿童造成巨大的伤害。进入新世纪以后,童工现象发生了一些变化。一方面,政府对这个问题很重视,积极开展干预工作;另一方面,童工现象越来越多的和犯罪活动联系在一起。
Ø 中国政府在童工方面开展的工作
针对伴随改革开放出现的童工问题,国家各相关部委积极进行研究。上世纪末本世纪初,中央连续发布了一系列文件,其中包括国务院发布的《禁止使用童工的规定》;并多次采取九部委联合打击童工行动;妇联、共青团和其他的社会组织也开始介入童工解救和解救后心理干预。
Ø 打击童工中存在的问题
首先,缺乏一部“儿童福利法”,无法从法律角度对儿童的权利和地位作出明确的规定,也使得打击童工的工作得不到国家法律支持。
第二,处罚力度不够大。国务院发布的《禁止使用童工的规定》是一部行政规定,对使用童工的工厂厂主的处罚只是相对比较轻的罚款,而不是当作触犯刑法来量刑。
第三,从整顿经济秩序的角度出发解决童工问题而不是从儿童权利的角度出发。由国家工商管理部门牵头的打击童工工作无法解决形成童工现象的深层次社会原因,以及被解救儿童生理和心理的康复。
第四,童工现象产生,贫穷固然是无法回避的原因,家庭观念和社会监管不健全也起到很大的作用。
Ø 对中国童工现象的建议
- 加强立法。现行的儿童保护法律,如《未成年人保护法》和《预防未成年人犯罪法》是被动法律,应适时推出明确规定儿童的相关权利和应该享有的社会权利和地位的“中国儿童福利法”,并在其中明确雇佣童工的工厂厂主除了经济处罚以外的法律后果。
- 整合全社会力量形成少年儿童保护网络。比如明确工厂使用童工应由谁发现,谁举报,谁处置,构建起保护儿童的完整网络。
- 加强儿童社会服务组织的建设。童工问题实际上是儿童社会性服务问题,被解救的童工面临回归学校、职业教育、心理矫正、恢复性发展等一系列问题,需要依靠专业的社会服务组织来支持。
- 加强童工问题的研究。童工现象是比较复杂的问题,比如如何划分勤工俭学和使用童工之间的界限,需要做更加细化的研究才能有助于少年儿童保护网络的搭建。
共同努力消除童工
李志艳先生 社会资源研究所所长
童工是指儿童从事一些妨碍或者影响教育,以及有害健康、身体、心理、精神、道德和社会发展的工作。不同国家对童工做出的年龄限制不同,我国规定16岁以下为童工。各国的不同定义引起很多争议。比如,前段时间美国的一家劳工NGO调查了微软在中国的代工厂,说有童工问题,而之后微软聘请的进行入厂调查的第三方机构否定了童工问题的存在。其中的争议就来自于法定年龄的界定,美国劳工NGO认为童工是18岁以下的工人,而中国的劳工检察机构和认证机构是以16岁来判定的。
童工种类的划分不是特别详细,比较常见的是最恶劣形势的童工,如和各种犯罪活动有关的;另外还有童仆、债役劳工和从事危险工作的童工等。根据国际劳工组织的统计,截止至2008年底,全世界还有2亿多5-17岁的儿童在工作,相当于每7个儿童里就有一个童工(图一)。从2000年至2008年,全球童工的数量下降了3000万,下降比率为12.3%。

童工的分布,从地理范围来看,以非洲尤其是撒哈拉以南非洲最为严重,每100个儿童中有24.6个童工,亚洲地区其次,18%;年龄分布上,12岁以下的童工数量占50%;行业分布中,全球69%的儿童从事农业劳作(如棉花和可可种植),其次是服务业和零售业(如餐厅和小商贩),最后才是工业、制造业和矿业。
童工问题之所有需要被重视,是因为:1) 剥夺了儿童的大部分权利,如教育、健康、玩耍和个人发展的权利;2) 不利于儿童身体、情感、社会和道德发展;3)有很多儿童因此被卷入危险有害的工作中;4) 使用童工导致成人工作机会的减少;5) 童工令个人、家庭、整个社区陷入贫困陷阱。童工现象的存在具有复杂的社会因素;贫穷、政府的政治意愿不强烈、支持性教育体系薄弱、监管监控体系不健全都是我国童工现象持续存在的原因。
消除童工是一个系统性工作,不是单一或者几家机构可以解决的。国际劳工组织认为未来的工作方向有六大重点:提高意识;加强现有立法的执行力度;对工作场所和工厂劳动的监督;为发展中国家提供教育支持;为儿童和家庭提供直接支持;全球倡导组织合作。
由于大多数童工都是非正规就业,散布于农业生产部门和小生产作坊,无法被工厂、县级、省级或行业工会所覆盖,所以,国际劳工组织倡导以上工会能够围绕童工话题动员非正规就业工人参与到工会中。尤其是行业工会能够通过非正规就业渠道的会员了解到行业内部是否存在童工现象,从而制定和实行监管策略和消除小规模童工。
国际上提倡的另一种方法是依靠消费者的力量,即呼吁消费者抵制由童工生产的产品。但是,有责任的消费者如何辨别商品在生产过程中是否使用了童工,是需要更多政府部门和专业部门参与到整个监管流程中;而对知名企业的打压有可能将童工驱赶到无法干预的小型企业甚至小作坊中。
参与消除童工运动的社会组织主要是各类NGO和/或劳工组织,工作策略包括:宣传倡导,重视教育和提升技能,促进态度转变,搭建政府与困难家庭和儿童之间沟通和协助的桥梁。
社会资源研究所对于企业CSR的建议是:公司政策以及劳工守则中明确规定不接受任何形式的童工;大型企业应在供应链责任中明确供应商不能使用任何形式的童工,同时在供应链中建立关于童工的预防和监督机制,也可以通过为生产商和制造商提供价格补贴来杜绝童工;对正规渠道招聘的工人检查其年龄真实性;与其它组织如:工会、社区组织、教育机构、当地政府等合作,帮助童工返回校园和家园。 |
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编辑:李远香 |
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